Low noise amplifier transistors with decreased noise figure and leakage in silicon-on-insulator technology

ABSTRACT

A metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor preferably fabricated with a silicon-on-insulator process has a first semiconductor region and a second semiconductor region in a spaced relationship thereto A body structure is defined by a channel segment between the first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region, and a first extension segment structurally contiguous with the channel segment. A shallow trench isolation structure surrounds the first semiconductor region, the second semiconductor region, and the body structure, with a first extension interface being defined between the shallow trench isolation structure and the first extension segment of the body structure to reduce leakage current flowing from the second semiconductor region to the first semiconductor region through a parasitic path of the body structure.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 121 as a Division ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/370,950, filed Dec. 6, 2016, andtitled “LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER TRANSISTORS WITH DECREASED NOISE FIGURE ANDLEAKAGE IN SILICON-ON-INSULATOR TECHNOLOGY” which relates to and claimsthe benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/264,485 filed Dec. 8, 2015 and titled “LNATRANSISTORS WITH DECREASED NOISE FIGURE AND LEAKAGE IN SOI TECHNOLOGY,”the entire contents of each being wholly incorporated by referenceherein.

STATEMENT RE: FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH/DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to semiconductor fabrication ofintegrated circuits, including those utilized in radio frequency (RF)applications. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to lownoise amplifier transistors with decreased noise figure and leakage insilicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology.

2. Related Art

Complex, multi-function electronic devices are comprised of manyinterconnected modules and components, each of which serves a dedicatedpurpose. For instance, wireless communication devices may be comprisedof a transmit chain and a receive chain, with the antenna and thetransceiver being a part of both the transmit chain and receive chain.The transmit chain may additionally include a power amplifier forincreasing the output power of the generated RF signal from thetransceiver, while the receive chain may include a low noise amplifierfor boosting the weak received RF signal so that information can beaccurately and reliably extracted therefrom. The transmit chain and thereceive chain may be selectively interconnected to the antenna with anRF switch, with the transmit chain components, receive chain components,and the RF switch being collectively referred to as a front end module.The front end module circuitry may be implemented as an integratedcircuit that is fabricated on a semiconductor die.

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor technologies are widely usedfor fabricating integrated circuit devices, particularly those for RFapplications such as front end modules, including the power amplifiersand low noise amplifiers thereof. SOI refers to the use of a layeredsilicon-insulator-silicon substrate in place of a more conventional bulksilicon substrate. On top of such semiconductor substrate, there is athin dielectric layer of silicon dioxide, referred to as the buriedoxide (BOX) layer. This layer may be created by flowing oxygen onto aplain silicon wafer and then heating the wafer to oxidize the silicon,thereby creating a uniform buried layer of silicon dioxide. An activeregion of silicon is formed on the BOX layer of the SOI substrate. Thisactive silicon layer includes the active circuit elements such astransistors and diodes of the integrated circuit.

These active elements are physically separated and electrically isolatedfrom each other by shallow trench isolation (STI) structures, which areformed by etching a trench between the active elements and filling thetrench with a low-loss dielectric material. The STI structures separateand isolate the various active components along a horizontal plane. TheBOX region electrically isolates the active elements from thesemiconductor substrate and effectively reduce coupling between theactive elements as well as the underlying silicon substrate.

The field effect transistor, and in particular the metal oxidesemiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), is widely employed in RFintegrated circuits for amplification and signal switching applications.The field effect transistor has a gate, along with a drain and a sourcethat each correspond to a semiconductor channel of either n-type dopingor p-type doping on a substrate, and a body. Those transistors withn-type channel doping may be referred to as NMOS transistors, whilethose transistors with p-type channel doping may be referred to as PMOStransistors

In RF applications in which devices such as power amplifiers, low noiseamplifiers, and RF switches are being fabricated, high-resistivitysilicon substrates are utilized. This increases quality-factor(Q-factor) of the passive components implemented therewith includinginductors, capacitors, and transmission lines. Additionally, overalllosses are decreased. The decreased coupling between different parts ofthe circuit also results in increased efficiency and linearity in theperformance of the integrated circuit overall.

Due to certain inherent properties of the SOI process technology,however, positive fixed charges may exist at the STI-semiconductorinterface. This is understood to result in a parasitic NMOS transistorthat is parallel with the main transistor structure. Control of thefixed interface charge density is challenging, as it may varysignificantly from lot to lot of the semiconductor wafer, even withinthe same wafer foundry. The interface charge can lead to increasedleakage current at low operating temperatures due to the decreasedthreshold voltage of the aforementioned parasitic NMOS transistor.Furthermore, mobile negative-induced charges in the vicinity of the mainNMOS transistor channel is understood to add noise to the maintransistor under certain conditions, which can adversely impact thenoise figure (NF) of any low noise amplifier implemented with SOItechnology. The aforementioned leakage current can also be problematicat nominal operating temperatures.

Accordingly, there is a need in the art for minimizing fixed interfacecharges in NMOS transistors implemented with SOI technology. There isalso a need in the art for reducing resultant leakage current thatdegrades the performance of NMOS transistors, particularly inimplementations of low noise amplifiers.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present disclosure is directed to various embodiments of a fieldeffect transistor. According to one embodiment, the field effecttransistor is manufactured according to the silicon-on-insulator (SOI)process, and is a metal oxide semiconductor type. The field effecttransistor may include a first semiconductor region, as well as a secondsemiconductor region that may be in a spaced relationship to the firstsemiconductor region. Additionally, the field effect transistor mayinclude a body structure that is defined by a channel segment betweenthe first semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region. Thebody structure may also include a first extension segment that isstructurally contiguous with the channel segment. The field effecttransistor may also include a shallow trench isolation structuresurrounding the first semiconductor region, the second semiconductorregion, and the body structure. A first extension interface may bedefined between the shallow trench isolation structure and the firstextension segment of the body structure, which is contemplated to reduceleakage current flowing from the second semiconductor region to thefirst semiconductor region through a parasitic path of the bodystructure.

The present disclosure also contemplates a semiconductor die includingat least one field effect transistor fabricated in accordance with thevarious embodiments, as well as a radio frequency communications modulewith a low noise amplifier implemented with one or more embodiments ofthe field effect transistor. The present disclosure will be bestunderstood by reference to the following detailed description when readin conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features and advantages of the various embodimentsdisclosed herein will be better understood with respect to the followingdescription and drawings, in which like numbers refer to like partsthroughout, and in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) fieldeffect transistor with decreased noise figure and leakage according to afirst embodiment;

FIG. 2A is a top plan view of the first embodiment of the SOI fieldeffect transistor shown in FIG. 1 including various structural detailsthereof

FIG. 2B is a top plan view of the first embodiment of the SOI fieldeffect transistor depicting the positive fixed charge in a shallowtrench isolation structure, a negative mobile charge in a bodystructure, and leakage current resulting therefrom;

FIG. 3A is a top plan view of a second embodiment of the SOI fieldeffect transistor;

FIG. 3B is a top plan view of the second embodiment of the SOI fieldeffect transistor depicting the positive fixed charge in the shallowtrench isolation structure, the negative mobile charge in the bodystructure, and leakage current resulting therefrom;

FIG. 4A is a top plan view of a third embodiment of the SOI field effecttransistor;

FIG. 4B is a top plan view of the third embodiment of the SOI fieldeffect transistor depicting the positive fixed charge in the shallowtrench isolation structure, the negative mobile charge in the bodystructure, and leakage current resulting therefrom;

FIG. 5 is a top plan view of a fourth embodiment of the SOI field effecttransistor;

FIG. 6 is a top plan view of an n-channel metal oxide semiconductortransistor cell layout in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an exemplary front end circuit that may beimplemented with various embodiments of the SOI field effect transistor;

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a packaged amplifier module; and

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a cross-section of the packagedamplifier module shown in FIG. 8 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appendeddrawings is intended as a description of the several presentlycontemplated embodiments of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) metal oxidesemiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), and are not intended torepresent the only form in which the disclosed transistors may bedeveloped or utilized. The description sets forth the functions andfeatures in connection with the illustrated embodiments. It is to beunderstood, however, that the same or equivalent functions may beaccomplished by different embodiments that are also intended to beencompassed within the scope of the present disclosure. It is furtherunderstood that the use of relational terms such as first and second andthe like are used solely to distinguish one from another entity withoutnecessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or orderbetween such entities.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2A, a field effect transistor 10, andspecifically a first exemplary embodiment 10 a thereof, is contemplatedto be a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) type fabricatedwith a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process. However, the embodimentsdisclosed herein may be utilized in other silicon-based semiconductorfabrication technologies. As will be appreciated by those havingordinary skill in the art, SOI involves building MOSFETs on thin layersof crystalline silicon. Being a field effect transistor, there isunderstood to be a gate, a source, and a drain, and is implemented on asemiconductor substrate (not shown), on which a buried oxide (BOX) layer12 is disposed. The BOX layer 12 is understood to isolate elements thevarious active elements from the semiconductor substrate, and iscomposed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂). However, any other suitabledielectric material may be readily substituted.

The field effect transistor 10 further includes a first semiconductorregion 14, as well as a second semiconductor region 16 that is in aspaced relationship to the first semiconductor region. The firstsemiconductor region 14 and the second semiconductor region 16 areunderstood to be doped with an n-type dopant. In this regard, the fieldeffect transistor 10 may be referred to as an n-type metal oxidesemiconductor field effect transistor (NMOS). The first semiconductorregion 14 may correspond to the aforementioned source of the fieldeffect transistor 10, while the second semiconductor region 16 maycorrespond to the drain.

The field effect transistor 10 also includes a body structure 18 that isgenerally defined by a channel segment 20 and a first extension segment22 that is structurally contiguous with the channel segment 20. Thefirst embodiment of the field effect transistor 10 a has a first variantof a body structure 18 a, the details of which will be described morefully below. The channel segment 20 is disposed between the firstsemiconductor region 14 and the second semiconductor region 16, and isdoped with a p-type dopant.

As particularly illustrated in FIG. 2A, the body structure 18 a togetherwith the first semiconductor region 14 and the second semiconductorregion 16 has a generally rectangular configuration defined by a length1 and a width w, and further by a first lateral end 24 a and an opposedsecond lateral end 24 b.

With additional reference to the perspective view of FIG. 1 , the firstlateral end 24 a of the channel segment 20 is a channel segment leftsidewall 26 a, while the second lateral end 24 b of the channel segment20 is a channel segment right sidewall 26 b. Furthermore, the firstlateral end 24 a of the first extension segment 22 is a first extensionsegment left sidewall 28 a, and the second lateral end 24 b of the firstextension segment 22 is a first extension segment right sidewall 28 b.

In addition to the lateral ends 24, the body structure 18 a is definedby a front end 30 a and an opposed rear end 30 b. The front end 30 a ispart of the channel segment 20, and thus defines a front channel segmentwall 32 a that extends from the channel segment left sidewall 26 a tothe channel segment right sidewall 26 b. The rear end 30 b, on the otherhand, is part of the first extension segment 22, and accordingly definesa rear first extension segment wall 32 b that extends from the firstextension segment left sidewall 28 a to the first extension segmentright sidewall 28 b. The first extension segment 22 also has a frontfacing portion/defined by the front end 30 a, which corresponds to aleft first extension segment front wall 34 a and a right first extensionsegment front wall 34 b. The left first extension segment front wall 34a extends between the channel segment left sidewall 26 a and the firstextension segment left sidewall 28 a, and the right first extensionsegment front wall 34 b extends between the channel segment rightsidewall 26 b and the first extension segment right sidewall 28 b. Ascan be seen, the first extension segment 22 extends laterally beyond thelength of the channel segment 20 equally to the left and to the right.

The first semiconductor region 14 and the second semiconductor region 16likewise have a generally rectangular configuration defined by lengthsLs and Ld, respectively, and widths Ws and Wd, respectively. It is to beunderstood that the terms length and width are referenced for purposesof convenience, and consistency with the frame of reference of the othercomponents described herein. Opposed lengthwise parts of the firstsemiconductor region 14 correspond to an outer left sidewall 36 a and aninner right sidewall 36 b. Along these lines, opposed lengthwise partsof the second semiconductor region 16 correspond to an inner leftsidewall 38 a and an outer right sidewall 38 b. Opposed widthwise partsof the first semiconductor region 14 correspond to an inner rear wall 40a and an outer front wall 40 b, and opposed widthwise parts of thesecond semiconductor region 16 similarly correspond to an inner rearwall 42 a and an outer front wall 42 b.

The aforementioned features of the first semiconductor region 14, thesecond semiconductor region 16, and the body structure 18 are arrangedand oriented in the first embodiment of the field effect transistor 10 aas illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2A. Specifically, the first extensionsegment left sidewall 28 a is coplanar with the outer left sidewall 36 aof the first semiconductor region 14. Further, the left first extensionsegment front wall 34 a is parallel to and abuts against the inner rearwall 40 a of the first semiconductor region 14. The channel segment leftsidewall 26 a of the body structure 18 is parallel to and abuts againstthe inner right sidewall 36 b of the first semiconductor region 14. Theouter front wall 40 b of the first semiconductor region 14 is coplanarwith the front channel segment wall 32 a, as well as with the outerfront wall 42 b of the second semiconductor region 16. Further, thefirst extension segment right sidewall 28 b is coplanar with the outerright sidewall 38 b of the second semiconductor region 16. Along thesame lines as the structure of the first semiconductor region 14, theinner rear wall 42 a of the second semiconductor region 16 is parallelto and abuts against the right first extension segment front wall 34 b,and the inner left sidewall 38 a of the second semiconductor region 16is parallel to and abuts against the channel segment right sidewall 26b.

As shown in FIG. 1 , the first semiconductor region 14, the secondsemiconductor region 16, and the body structure 18 are understood tohave a substantially uniform thickness, that is, the various wallsthereof as described above have the same height. Moreover, these wallsare depicted as true planar structures. It will be appreciated thatthese are ideal representations only, and when actually fabricated,there may be some deviations from the ideal structure. Notwithstandingthe structural imperfections, however, the field effect transistors 10are understood to function properly. These caveats are understood to beapplicable to the remaining embodiments of the field effect transistors10 disclosed herein.

The first semiconductor region 14, the second semiconductor region 16,and the body structure 18 are surrounded by a shallow trench isolationstructure 48. That is, the shallow trench isolation structure 48 isdefined by opposed left and right inner sidewalls 50 a and 50 b, as wellas opposed front and rear inner walls 52 a and 52 b. The shallow trenchisolation structure 48 may be fabricated from an oxide material such assilicon dioxide (SiO₂), and may have the same or different thickness asthe first semiconductor region 14, the second semiconductor region 16,and the body structure 18 that it surrounds.

The left inner sidewall 50 a of the shallow trench isolation structure48 is parallel to and abuts against the first extension segment leftsidewall 28 a and the outer left sidewall 36 a of the firstsemiconductor region 14. Likewise, the right inner sidewall 50 b of theshallow trench isolation structure 48 is parallel to and abuts againstthe first extension segment right sidewall 28 b and the outer rightsidewall 38 b of the second semiconductor region 16.

The front inner wall 52 a is parallel to and abuts against the outerfront wall 40 b of the first semiconductor region 14, the front channelsegment wall 32 a of the body structure 18, and the outer front wall 42b of the second semiconductor region 16. Additionally, the rear firstextension segment wall 32 b is parallel to and abuts against the rearinner wall 52 b of the shallow trench isolation structure 48.

Disposed above the body structure 18 in a substantially overlappingrelation thereto is a gate terminal 44. Interposed between the gateterminal 44 and the body structure 18 is a gate oxide layer 46. When thegate terminal 44 is energized, an electrical conduction path (channel)is defined between the first semiconductor region 14 and the secondsemiconductor region 16.

With reference to FIG. 2B, the shallow trench isolation structure 48 isunderstood to have a fixed positive charge as shown, and there isadditionally a mobile induced negative charge in the body structure 18and the first and second semiconductor regions 14, 16 as shown. Thep-type material of the body structure 18 and the positive charge fromthe shallow trench isolation structure 48 define an interface thatresults in a parasitic transistor that can cause the field effecttransistor 10 to deviate from its expected/modeled performance,particularly as it relates to current-voltage characteristics atdifferent temperatures. Specifically, there is a channel interface 54defined between the front inner wall 52 a of the shallow trenchisolation structure 48 and the front channel segment wall 32 a of thebody structure 18. The first and second semiconductor regions 14, 16 areunderstood to be in direct contact with the mobile negative charges atthe channel interface 54, so even where the gate-source voltage is zero,there may be a leakage current (I1) when the drain-source voltage isgreater than zero.

The various embodiments of the present disclosure, including the firstembodiment of the field effect transistor 10 a, contemplate extendingthe length of the interface of the shallow trench isolation structure 48and the body structure 18, thereby lengthening the path between thefirst semiconductor region 14 and the second semiconductor region 16. Itis understood that a shorter channel path may raise leakage current fora given set of operating conditions.

As described above, the first extension segment 22 increases thislength, and additionally moves the interface between the shallow trenchisolation structure 48 and the body structure 18 to be away from thechannel. There is a first extension interface 56 defined between therear inner wall 52 b of the shallow trench isolation structure 48 andrear first extension segment wall 32 b. The first extension interface 56is also defined between the left inner sidewall 50 a of the shallowtrench isolation structure 48 and the first extension segment leftsidewall 28 a, and between the right inner sidewall 50 b of the shallowtrench isolation structure 48 and the first extension segment rightsidewall 28 b. Rather than the shorter distance Lg across the channelsegment 20, the first extension interface 56 increases the length of thepath of the leakage current I2 from the second semiconductor region 16to the first semiconductor region 14 to the length B of the firstextension segment right sidewall 28 b, plus the length A of the rearfirst extension segment wall 32 b, and plus another length B of thefirst extension segment left sidewall 28 a, thereby decreasing theleakage current. The total leakage current is understood to be sum ofthe leakage current I1 and the leakage current I2. The first lateral end24 a of the first extension segment 22 further includes a body contact58 that is connected to the body structure 18, and to either ground or ahighly stable voltage source. In addition to the decreased leakagecurrent, the noise contribution of the parasitic transistor to the fieldeffect transistor 10 is also reduced.

Referring now to FIG. 3A, a second embodiment of the field effecttransistor 10 b has a second variant of the body structure 18 b. Thesecond embodiment of the field effect transistor 10 b includes the firstsemiconductor region 14 and the second semiconductor region 16 in aspaced relationship to the first semiconductor region 14. The secondvariant of the body structure 18 b likewise includes the first extensionsegment 22 that is structurally contiguous with the channel segment 20.For the sake of brevity, the commonalities relating to the variousstructural details of the first and second semiconductor regions 14, 16and the body structure 18 will be omitted.

In addition to the first extension segment 22, the second variant of thebody structure 18 b includes a second extension segment 60 opposite thefirst extension segment 22 across the channel segment 20. The firstlateral end 24 a of the second extension segment 60 is a secondextension segment left sidewall 62 a, and the second lateral end 24 b ofthe second extension segment 60 is a second extension segment rightsidewall 62 b.

In the second variant of the body structure 18 b, the front end 30 athereof is part of the second extension segment 60 rather than thechannel segment 20 as in the first variant of the body structure 18 a.The front end 30 a thus defines a front second extension segment wall 64that extends from the second extension segment left sidewall 62 a to thesecond extension segment right sidewall 62 b. The second extensionsegment 60 also has a rear facing portion that corresponds to a leftsecond extension segment rear wall 66 a and a right second extensionsegment rear wall 66 b. The left second extension segment rear wall 66 aextends between the channel segment left sidewall 26 a and the secondextension segment left sidewall 62 a, and the right second extensionsegment rear wall 66 b extends between the channel segment rightsidewall 26 b and the second extension segment right sidewall 62 b. Likethe first extension segment 22, the second extension segment 60 extendslaterally beyond the length of the channel segment 20 equally to theleft and to the right.

As shown in FIG. 3A, the first semiconductor region 14 and the secondsemiconductor region 16 are disposed against the second extensionsegment 60, and thus the outer front walls 40 b, 42 b thereof may nolonger define the front end 30 a of the body structure 18 b.Nevertheless, for the sake of consistency, the same terminology will beused in relation thereto. It is to be understood that while referencesare made to “front” walls, this is not intended to be limiting. The leftsecond extension segment rear wall 66 a is understood to be parallel toand abut against the outer front wall 40 b of the first semiconductorregion 14, and the right second extension segment rear wall 66 b isunderstood to be parallel to and abut against the outer front wall 42 bof the second semiconductor region 16.

The second extension segment left sidewall 62 a is coplanar with theouter left sidewall 36 a of the first semiconductor region 14 as well asthe first extension segment left sidewall 28 a. Along these lines, thesecond extension segment right sidewall 62 b is coplanar with the outerright sidewall 38 b of the second semiconductor region 16 and the firstextension segment right sidewall 28 b.

The second embodiment the field effect transistor 10 b illustrated inFIG. 3A also includes the shallow trench isolation structure 48, whichsurrounds the first semiconductor region 14, the second semiconductorregion 16, and the body structure 18. The left inner sidewall 50 a ofthe shallow trench isolation structure 48 is parallel to and abutsagainst the first extension segment left sidewall 28 a, the outer leftsidewall 36 a of the first semiconductor region, and the secondextension segment left sidewall 62 a. The right inner sidewall 60 b ofthe shallow trench isolation structure 48 is parallel to and abutsagainst the first extension segment right sidewall 28 b, the outer rightsidewall 38 b of the second semiconductor region 16, and the secondextension segment right sidewall 62 b. The front inner wall 52 a isparallel to and abuts against the front second extension segment wall64.

Referring to FIG. 3B, again, the shallow trench isolation structure 48has a fixed positive charge as shown, and there is additionally a mobileinduced negative charge in the body structure 18 and the first andsecond semiconductor regions 14, 16. The p-type material of the bodystructure 18 and the positive charge from the shallow trench isolationstructure 48 define interfaces that results in a parasitic transistorand thus current leakage. The second embodiment of the field effecttransistor 10 b incorporates both the first extension segment 22 and thesecond extension segment 60 to further reduce the leakage current bylengthening the distance between the first semiconductor region 14 andthe second semiconductor region 16.

The first extension segment 22 and the second extension segment 66 movesthe interface between the shallow trench isolation structure 48 and thebody structure 18 away from the channel. As indicated above, the firstextension interface 56 is defined between the rear inner wall 52 b ofthe shallow trench isolation structure 48 and the rear first extensionsegment wall 32 b. Similarly, the front inner wall 52 a of the shallowtrench isolation structure 48 and the front second extension segmentwall 64 define a second extension interface 68. The second extensioninterface 68 is also defined between the left inner sidewall 50 a of theshallow trench isolation structure 48 and the second extension segmentleft sidewall 62 a, and between the right inner sidewall 50 b of theshallow trench isolation structure 48 and the second extension segmentright sidewall 62 b.

Like the first extension interface 56, the second extension interface 68increases the path of the leakage current I1 from the secondsemiconductor region 16 to the first semiconductor region 14 to thelength B′ of the second extension segment right sidewall 62 b, plus thelength A′ of the front second extension segment wall 64, plus anotherlength B′ of the second extension segment left sidewall 62 a. Thus, thetotal leakage current is the combined I1 and I2, which is understood tobe less than in comparison to a shorter path as would be the casewithout the first extension segment 22 and the second extension segment66. The first lateral end 24 a of the second extension segment 60further includes a body contact 70 that is connected to the bodystructure 18, and to either ground or a highly stable voltage source.

FIG. 4A illustrates a third embodiment of the field effect transistor 10c with a third variant of the body structure 18 c. Again, there is thefirst semiconductor region 14 and the second semiconductor region 16 ina spaced relationship to the first semiconductor region 14. The thirdvariant of the body structure 18 c includes the first extension segment22, albeit in a modified form, denoted as a first extension segment 22-2Like the second variant of the body structure 18 b discussed above, thethird variant of the body structure 18 c includes the second extensionsegment 60 opposite the first extension segment 22-2 across the channelsegment 20. For the sake of brevity, the commonalities relating to thevarious structural details of the first and second semiconductor regions14, 16 and the body structure 18, including the second extension segment60 thereof, already discussed above will be omitted.

The first extension segment 22-2 is generally defined by a main portion72 with the same first extension segment left sidewall 28 a on the firstlateral end 24 a, and the first extension segment right sidewall 28 b onthe opposite second lateral end 24 b. Furthermore, the main portion 72has the left first extension segment front wall 34 a that abuts againstthe first semiconductor region 14, and the right first extension segmentfront wall 34 b that abuts against the second semiconductor region 16.Extending outwardly from the rear end 30 b of the body structure 18 c,however, is a protruding portion 74.

At a selected location along the rear first extension segment wall 32,there is a first lateral protruding portion wall 76 a that issubstantially perpendicular thereto. Additionally, there is a secondlateral protruding portion wall 76 b that is spaced apart from the firstlateral protruding portion wall 76 a by a longitudinal protrudingportion wall 78 having a length D. The first and second lateralprotruding portion walls 76 a, 76 b are understood to have the samelength C. With the longitudinal protruding portion wall 78, the rearfirst extension segment wall 32 is segregated into a first part 32 b-1and a second part 32 b-2.

An alternative variant of the shallow trench isolation structure 48-2includes a recessed portion 80 specifically configured for accommodatingthe protruding portion 74 of the first extension segment 22-2. In thisregard, the shallow trench isolation structure 48 is in part defined bythe rear inner wall 52 b with a first part 52 b-1 that abuts against thefirst part 32 b-1 of the rear first extension segment wall 32 b, and asecond part 52 b-2 that abuts against the second part 32 b-2 of the rearfirst extension segment wall 32 b. The recessed portion 80 is defined bya first lateral recessed portion wall 82 a and an opposed second lateralrecessed portion wall 82 b spaced apart from the first lateral recessedportion wall 80 a. The recessed portion 80 is also defined by alongitudinal recessed portion wall 84.

FIG. 4B shows the shallow trench isolation structure 48-2 with a fixedpositive charge, along with a mobile induced negative charge in the bodystructure 18 and the first and second semiconductor regions 14, 16. Thep-type material of the body structure 18 and the positive charge fromthe shallow trench isolation structure 48-2 define interfaces thatresults in a parasitic transistor. The first extension segment 22-2 isfurther lengthened from the other embodiments discussed above, andcontinues to include the second extension segment 60, both of whichtogether are contemplated to reduce the leakage current

With the different configuration of the first extension segment 22-2,there is a different first extension interface 56-2 defined between theshallow trench isolation structure 48-2 and the body structure 18. Infurther detail, the first extension interface 56-2 is defined betweenthe first extension segment left sidewall 28 a and the left innersidewall 50 a, between the first part 32 b-1 of the rear first extensionsegment wall 32 and the first part 52 b-1 of the rear inner wall 52 b,between the first lateral protruding portion wall 76 a and the firstlateral recessed portion wall 82 a, between the longitudinal protrudingportion wall 78 and the longitudinal recessed portion wall 84, betweenthe second lateral protruding portion wall 76 b and the second lateralrecessed portion wall 82 b, between the second part 32 b-2 of the rearfirst extension segment wall 32 and the second part 52 b-2 of the rearinner wall 52 b, and between the first extension segment right sidewall28 b and the right inner sidewall 50 b. The second extension segment 60defines the second extension interface 68 as indicated above.

The alternatively defined first extension interface 56-2 furtherincreases the path of the leakage current I1 from the secondsemiconductor region 16 to the first semiconductor region 14 to a lengthcorresponding to a sum of the length A, plus the length D of thelongitudinal protruding portion wall 78/longitudinal recessed portionwall 84, plus two times the length C to account for both the first andsecond lateral protruding portion walls 76 a, 76 b/first and secondlateral recessed portion walls 82 a, 82 b, and plus twice the length Bfor the first extension segment left sidewall 28 a and the firstextension segment right sidewall 28 b. The first lateral end 24 a ofboth the first and second extension segments 22-2 and 60 each includes abody contact 58, 70, respectively, that are connected to the bodystructure 18 b, and to either ground or a highly stable voltage source.The length of the first extension interface 56-2 is understood to begreater than the length of the second extension interface 68, though itwill be appreciated that the two interfaces can be configured with thesame length.

The leakage current is understood to be a sum of the leakage current I1and the leakage current I2. Although a particular embodiment with theprotruding portion 74 on the first extension segment 22 was presented,this is by way of example only and not of limitation. Other physicalstructures that thus increase the length of the first extensioninterface 56-2 and/or the second extension interface 68 may besubstituted without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 shows a fourth embodiment of the field effect transistor 10 dwith a fourth variant of the body structure 18 d Like the otherembodiments, there is the first semiconductor region 14 and the secondsemiconductor region that is in a spaced relationship to the firstsemiconductor region 14. In addition to the first extension segment 22and the second extension segment 60, this embodiment includes a firstside extension 86 a on the first lateral end 24 a and an opposed secondside extension 86 b on the second lateral end 24 b. The first extensionsegment 22, the second extension segment 60, the first side extension 86a, and the second side extension 86 b, together with the channel segment20, define a contiguous, unitary structure of the body structure 18 d.Thus, the body structure 18 d effectively enclose the firstsemiconductor region 14 and the second semiconductor region 16 withinthe body structure 18 d, and the shallow trench isolation structure 48surrounds the entirety of the body structure 18 d. That is, the firstsemiconductor region 14 and the second semiconductor region 16 does notdirectly contact the shallow trench isolation structure 48.

Highly resistive areas 88 a, 88 b are thus introduced within the firstside extension 86 a and the second side extension 86 b, respectively,that are adjacent to the first semiconductor region 14 and the secondsemiconductor region 16, respectively. The highly resistive areas 88 areunderstood to be formed because of the p-n junction between the p-typebody structure 18 d and the n-type first and second semiconductorregions 14, 16. As indicated above, the body structure 18 d is unitary,and is accordingly defined by a left sidewall 90 a, and opposed rightsidewall 90 b, a front wall 92 a, and an opposed rear wall 92 b. Theshallow trench isolation structure 48 is configured similarly as that ofthe first embodiment 48 a, and is defined by the left inner sidewall 50a, an opposed right inner sidewall 50 b, a front inner wall 52 a, and anopposed rear inner wall 52 b. A first interface 94 is thus definedbetween a part of the left sidewall 90 a and a part of the left innersidewall 50 a, the front wall 92 a and the front inner wall 52 a, and apart of the right sidewall 90 b and a part of the right inner sidewall50 b. A further second interface 96 defined between a part of the leftsidewall 90 a and a part of the left inner sidewall 50 a, the rear wall92 b and the rear inner wall 52 b, and a part of the right sidewall 90 band a part of the right inner sidewall 50 b.

A leakage current flows from the second semiconductor region 16 to thefirst semiconductor region 14 along the first interface 94 as I1, andalong the second interface 96 as I2, though such currents are reducedsince they pass through the highly resistive areas 88 a, 88 b. Again, itis contemplated that the total leakage current between the drain and thesource can be minimized, and the noise figure of the field effecttransistor 10 d can be reduced.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary layout of the field effect transistor 10in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. Atransistor cell 95, which corresponds to the field effect transistor 10,includes the first semiconductor region 14 and the second semiconductorregion 16, with the first semiconductor region 14 with an n+ typediffusion or implant. The first semiconductor region 14 corresponds tothe source, and is accordingly connected to a source electrode 98. Thesecond semiconductor region 16 corresponds to the drain, and isaccordingly connected to a drain electrode 99 defined on a metal layer(Ml) 100 via contacts 102 a-102 e. On the same co-planar metal layer(Ml) 100, the source electrode 98 may be implemented, and there are aset of contacts 104 a-104 e from the metal layer 100 to the firstsemiconductor region 14. Alternatively, the source electrode 98 may beimplemented on different metal layers not shown herein.

On opposite ends of the first and second semiconductor regions 14, 16are a first p+ type diffusion or implant 106, with a contact 108connecting the same to the metal layer (Ml) 100. Disposed laterallybetween the first semiconductor region 14 and the second semiconductorregion 16 is a polysilicon layer 110 corresponding to the gate, with agate electrode 112 being implemented on the metal layer (Ml) 100. Thereis also a contact 114 interconnecting the gate electrode 112 to thepolysilicon layer 110. A p-well 115 underlies the components describedabove.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure additionally contemplatean n-type polysilicon guard ring 116 surrounding the transistor cell 95.A negative voltage at a predetermined level may be applied to the guardring 116 via a guard ring electrode 118 that is also implemented on themetal layer (Ml) 100. There is a contact 120 interconnecting the guardring electrode 118 to the guard ring 116. With the negative voltageapplied, it is contemplated that the guard ring 116 reduces mobilecharge formation in the shallow trench isolation structure and bodyinterface in the vicinity of the transistor channel, so leakage currentand the noise figure may be reduced. Although a single transistor cell95 is shown surrounded by the guard ring 116, this is by way of example,and any number of transistor cells 95 may be aggregated within a single,common guard ring 116.

Referring now to the block diagram of FIG. 7 , the field effecttransistor 10 in accordance with various embodiments of the presentdisclosure may be utilized in a radio frequency (RF) front end module121. In the illustrated example, only a low noise amplifier circuit 122is depicted, as the field effect transistor 10 is contemplated to beuseful for such an application. However, it will be appreciated that thefield effect transistor 10 may be utilized in any application where lowleakage current and improved noise figures are desirable. The low noiseamplifier circuit 122 is comprised of an amplification stage includingthe NMOS field effect transistor 10, with its input being connected toan input matching network 124, and its output being connected to anoutput matching network 126. An antenna 127 receives the broadcast RFsignal, and an RF switch 128 selectively connects the same to the inputof the low noise amplifier circuit 122. The RF switch 128 may alsoselectively connect an output from a power amplifier (not shown) to theantenna 127. Once amplified, the received RF signal is passed to atransceiver 129 for further processing. The RF front end module 121, inturn, may be used in a mobile communications device such as a cellularphone, a tablet, or any other like device.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a packaged radiofrequency communications module 130, while FIG. 9 is a schematic diagramof a cross-section of the packaged radio frequency communications module130 taken along axis A-A of FIG. 23 . The packaged radio frequencycommunications module 130 includes an integrated circuit or die 132,surface mount components 134, wire bonds 136, a package substrate 138,and an encapsulation structure 140. The package substrate 138 includespads 142 formed from conductors disposed therein. Additionally, the die132 includes pads 144, and the wire bonds 136 are used to electricallyconnect the pads 144 of the die 132 to the pads 142 of the packagesubstrate 138.

The die 132 includes the low noise amplifier circuit 122 and the RFswitch 128 implemented with the field effect transistor 10 of thepresent disclosure. These components on the die 202 are understood to beas described above. The die 132 is mounted to the package substrate 138as shown, though it may be configured to receive a plurality ofadditional components such as the surface mount components 134. Thesecomponents include additional integrated circuits as well as passivecomponents such as capacitors, inductors, and resistors.

As shown in FIG. 9 , the packaged radio frequency communications module130 is shown to include a plurality of contact pads 146 disposed on theside of the packaged radio frequency communications module 130 oppositethe side used to mount the die 132. Configuring the packaged radiofrequency communications module 130 in this manner can aid in connectingthe same to a circuit board of a wireless communications device. Theexample contact pads 146 can be configured to provide radio frequencysignals, bias signals, power low voltage(s) and or power high voltage(s)to the die 132 and/or the surface mount components 134. The electricalconnections between the contact pads 146 and the die 132 can befacilitated by connections 148 through the package substrate 138. Theconnections 148 can represent electrical paths formed through thepackage substrate 138, such as connections associated with vias andconductors of a multilayer laminated package substrate.

In some embodiments, the packaged radio frequency communications module130 can also include or more packaging structures to, for example,provide protection and/or to facilitate handling of the packaged radiofrequency communications module 130. Such a packaging structure caninclude overmold or encapsulation structure 140 formed over the packagesubstrate 138 and the components and die(s) disposed thereon.

It will be understood that although the packaged radio frequencycommunications module 130 is described in the context of electricalconnections based on wire bonds, one or more features of the presentdisclosure can also be implemented in other packaging configurations,including, for example, flip-chip configurations.

The particulars shown herein are by way of example and for purposes ofillustrative discussion of the embodiments of the field effecttransistors, and are presented in the cause of providing what isbelieved to be the most useful and readily understood description of theprinciples and conceptual aspects. No attempt is made to show detailswith more particularity than is necessary, the description taken withthe drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the severalforms of the present disclosure may be embodied in practice.

What is claimed is:
 1. A field effect transistor, comprising: a firstsemiconductor region having a uniform structure; a second semiconductorregion having a uniform structure and in a spaced relationship to thefirst semiconductor region; a body structure defined by a channelsegment between the first semiconductor region and the secondsemiconductor region with channel segment side walls facing respectiveinner side walls of the first and second semiconductor regions, a firstextension segment structurally contiguous with the channel segment anddefining extension segment front walls facing and extending betweenvertical extents of respective rear walls of the first and secondsemiconductor regions, and a second extension segment structurallycontiguous with the channel segment opposite the first extension segmentand defining second extension segment rear walls facing and extendingbetween vertical extents of respective front walls of the first andsecond semiconductor regions, the channel segment side walls facing andextending between vertical extents of the respective inner side walls ofthe first and second semiconductor regions as singular surfaces; and ashallow trench isolation structure surrounding the first semiconductorregion, the second semiconductor region, and the body structure, a firstextension interface being defined between the shallow trench isolationstructure and the first extension segment of the body structure toreduce leakage current flowing from the second semiconductor region tothe first semiconductor region through a parasitic interface with thebody structure, and a second extension interface being defined betweenthe shallow trench isolation structure and the second extension segmentof the body structure to further reduce leakage current flowing from thesecond semiconductor region to the first semiconductor region through aparasitic interface with the body structure, the shallow trenchisolation structure and the channel segment of the body structuredefining a channel interface, the first extension interface and thesecond extension interface each being longer than the channel interface.2. The field effect transistor of claim 1 wherein a length of the firstextension interface is substantially the same as a length of the secondextension interface.
 3. The field effect transistor of claim 1 whereinthe length of the first extension interface is longer than the length ofthe second extension interface.
 4. The field effect transistor of claim3 wherein the first extension segment includes a protruding portionextending the length of the first extension interface between the bodystructure and the shallow trench isolation structure relative to thelength of the second extension interface.
 5. The field effect transistorof claim 1 further comprising a transistor gate disposed on a gate oxidelayer disposed on a top surface of the body structure and between thefirst semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region.
 6. Thefield effect transistor of claim 1 wherein the body structure is definedby a first lateral end and a second lateral end, the first semiconductorregion being disposed toward the first lateral end and the secondsemiconductor region being disposed toward the second lateral end. 7.The field effect transistor of claim 6 wherein the first semiconductorregion and the second semiconductor region abut against respectiveinterior sidewalls of the shallow trench isolation structure.
 8. Thefield effect transistor of claim 6 wherein the body structure includes afirst side extension interposed between the first semiconductor regionand the shallow trench isolation structure, and a second side extensioninterposed between the second semiconductor region and the shallowtrench isolation structure, the first side extension and the second sideextension being structurally contiguous with the channel segment and thefirst extension segment.
 9. The field effect transistor of claim 1wherein the first semiconductor region corresponds to a transistorsource terminal.
 10. The field effect transistor of claim 1 wherein thesecond semiconductor region corresponds to a transistor drain terminal.11. The field effect transistor of claim 1 wherein the firstsemiconductor region and the second semiconductor region are doped withan n-type dopant.
 12. The field effect transistor of claim 1 wherein thebody structure is doped with a p-type dopant.
 13. The field effecttransistor of claim 1 wherein the shallow trench isolation structure isa silicon dioxide (SiO₂) dielectric material.
 14. The field effecttransistor of claim 1 further comprising a buried oxide layer disposedunderneath the first and second semiconductor regions, the bodystructure, and the shallow trench isolation structure.
 15. The fieldeffect transistor of claim 1 further comprising a polysilicon guard ringsurrounding the first and second semiconductor regions, and at least aportion of the body structure, a negative voltage being applied to thepolysilicon guard ring to reduce mobile charge formation at the firstextension interface.
 16. A semiconductor die comprising: a semiconductorsubstrate; a shallow trench isolation structure disposed on thesemiconductor substrate; and a plurality of transistor elements disposedon the semiconductor substrate, each of the transistor elements beingsurrounded at least partially by the shallow trench isolation structureand including a first semiconductor region having a uniform structure, asecond semiconductor region having a uniform structure and in a spacedrelationship to the first semiconductor region, and a body structurecontiguous with the semiconductor substrate with channel segment sidewalls facing respective inner side walls of the first and secondsemiconductor regions, and defined by a channel segment between thefirst semiconductor region and the second semiconductor region, one ofthe plurality of transistor elements including a first extension segmentstructurally contiguous with the channel segment and defining firstextension segment front walls facing and extending between verticalextents of respective rear walls of the first and second semiconductorregions, and a second extension segment structurally contiguous with thechannel segment opposite the first extension segment and defining secondextension segment rear walls facing and extending between verticalextents of respective front walls of the first and second semiconductorregions, the channel segment side walls facing and extending betweenvertical extents of the respective inner side walls of the first andsecond semiconductor regions as singular surfaces, a first extensioninterface being defined between the shallow trench isolation structureand the first extension segment of the body structure of the onetransistor element to reduce leakage current flowing from the secondsemiconductor region to the first semiconductor region through aparasitic interface with the body structure, a second extensioninterface being defined between the shallow trench isolation structureand the second extension segment of the body structure of the onetransistor element to further reduce leakage current flowing from thesecond semiconductor region to the first semiconductor region through aparasitic interface with the body structure, the shallow trenchisolation structure and the channel segment of the body structure of theone transistor element defining a channel interface, each of the firstextension interface and the second extension interface being longer thanthe channel interface.
 17. The semiconductor die of claim 16 wherein thefirst extension segment of the body structure of the one transistorelement further includes a protruding portion extending the length ofthe first extension interface between the body structure and the shallowtrench isolation structure relative to the length of the secondextension interface.
 18. The semiconductor die of claim 16 wherein thebody structure of the one transistor element includes a first spacerinterposed between the first semiconductor region and the shallow trenchisolation structure, and a second spacer interposed between the secondsemiconductor region and the shallow trench isolation structure, thefirst spacer and the second spacer being structurally contiguous withthe channel segment and the first extension segment.
 19. A radiofrequency communications device comprising: a transceiver configured toprocess radio frequency signals; an antenna configured to facilitatetransmission and reception of the radio frequency signals; and a lownoise amplifier having an input connected to the antenna and an outputconnected to the transceiver, the low noise amplifier being implementedwith at least one field effect transistor including a firstsemiconductor region having a uniform structure, a second semiconductorregion having a uniform structure and in a spaced relationship to thefirst semiconductor region, a body structure defined by a channelsegment between the first semiconductor region and the secondsemiconductor region, with channel segment side walls facing respectiveinner side walls of the first and second semiconductor regions, a firstextension segment structurally contiguous with the channel segment anddefining first extension segment front walls facing and extendingbetween vertical extents of respective rear walls of the first andsecond semiconductor regions, a second extension segment structurallycontiguous with the channel segment opposite the first extension segmentand defining second extension segment front walls facing and extendingbetween vertical extents of respective front walls of the first andsecond semiconductor regions, the channel segment side walls facing andextending between vertical extents of the respective inner side walls ofthe first and second semiconductor regions as singular surfaces, and ashallow trench isolation structure surrounding the first semiconductorregion, the second semiconductor region, and the body structure, a firstextension interface being defined between the shallow trench isolationstructure and the first extension segment of the body structure toreduce leakage current flowing from the second semiconductor region tothe first semiconductor region through a parasitic interface with thebody structure, a second extension interface being defined between theshallow trench isolation structure and the second extension segment ofthe body structure to further reduce leakage current flowing from thesecond semiconductor region to the first semiconductor region through aparasitic interface with the body structure, the shallow trenchisolation structure and the channel segment of the body structure of thefield effect transistor defining a channel interface, each of the firstextension interface and the second extension interface being longer thanthe channel interface.
 20. The radio frequency communications device ofclaim 19 wherein the first extension segment of the body structure ofthe field effect transistor further includes a protruding portionextending the length of the first extension interface between the bodystructure and the shallow trench isolation structure relative to thelength of the second extension interface.
 21. The radio frequencycommunications device of claim 19 wherein the body structure of thefield effect transistor includes a first spacer interposed between thefirst semiconductor region and the shallow trench isolation structure,and a second spacer interposed between the second semiconductor regionand the shallow trench isolation structure, the first spacer and thesecond spacer being structurally contiguous with the channel segment andthe first extension segment.